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This article reviews American policy toward Syria since the onset of its civil war there. It concentrates on debates and decisions about the use of American military power to influence events there. Before 2014, President Barack Obama consistently refused to use military power and, while he did initiate military action against the Islamic State in the summer of 2014, many in and out of the administration...
The article is an attempt to describe situation of Palestinian refugees during the Syrian Civil War. The author explains the attitude of the conflict’s main parties towards Palestinians. The paper also presents the stance of Palestinian parties (Hamas and PLO) and Palestinian refugees towards the Assad regime and rebels. Unfortunately, fights have been occurring in Palestinian camps, too (especially...
Turkey is an important actor of the war in Syria. After the first months of the conflict the Syrian neighbour began supporting the opposition forces in the war and took a very critical approach to Bashar al-Assad’s regime, based on the assumption that the Syrian president must definitely resign from the office. It was a substantial change of the Turkish policy towards Syria in comparison to the first...
In the Middle East things are not always what they seem to be. It would appear that Israel and Syria are the odd couple in the Middle East. Although their relationship seems to be typical of sworn enemies, full of aggressive rhetoric, distrust and a hostile atmosphere, in fact, however, both countries were driven for decades by pragmatic security interests and they have managed to avoid a violent...
The Muslim Brotherhood is a global organization with representatives in each Muslim or Muslim’s minority country. According to its doctrine, the movement main goal is establishment of the Caliphate based on principles of Islam. This global organization is recognized in many countries as a terrorist organization and banned. But still, it is the most underestimated movement in the whole Islamic world...
The internal situation in Syria during the first four years of conflict resembles a kaleidoscope showing a different picture every minute. Individual elements keep changing their places, some lose their meaning, others take more space, some disappear completely, and new ones take their place. Perhaps this view does not change from day to day, but it surely changes from month to month, and an inexperienced...
The Syrian crisis is different from other crisis in the region. There are two basic international players USA and Russia. AS well there are two basic regional players. From the beginning every one observed the huge media that the collapse of the regime is a matter of time. There was money, Arms, insurgents, media, and information which were used against Syria. But Syria survived. The pro Syria basic...
The USSR used to be a very important actor in the Middle East. Immediately after the dissolution of the Soviet empire, Russia’s involvement in the region was reduced. However, since the mid-1990s Moscow’s efforts on strengthen its position in the region became evident. This article aims to show the determinants and goals of the Russian Federation’s foreign policy towards Syria in the 21st century...
The election of Barack Obama aroused grand expectations in Latin America. Obama was expected to rejuvenate inter-American relations neglected by George W. Bush’s administration. However, the United States no longer sees Latin America as “the most dangerous area in the world.” Economic crises and international problems that Obama’s administration had to face contributed to Latin America not being a...
The article is focused on armed state-building in Afghanistan during the presidency of Barack Obama (2009–2017). The Afghan war was strongly debated in the early Obama administration, divided into proponents of an Al-Qaeda-focused approach (the Biden approach) with its limited military presence and those supporting a stronger military footing (the McChrystal approach). While the first Obama term employed...
This article provides an overview of the Obama administration’s policies in the Middle East. At the outset, its priorities were to reduce the American role in the region and promote peace between Israelis and Palestinians. The Arab Spring introduced a number of new and novel issues that the administration had to confront. For the most part, Obama failed to reach his goals, so the final section seeks...
W kontekście wyzwań wynikających z nasilających się następstw zmian klimatu oraz wzrostu międzynarodowego znaczenia regionu Arktyki pojawia się istotne zagadnienie specyfiki relacji zachodzących współcześnie między naukowcami a dyplomatami oraz politykami w zakresie kształtowania oraz realizowania polityki zagranicznej państwa. W artykule w oparciu o koncepcję dyplomacji naukowej oraz analizę wybranych...
Artykuł przedstawia zarys koncepcji światowego systemu gospodarczego w ujęciu Fernanda Braudela. Tematyka ta wiąże się z niemal równoległą teorią systemu-świata Immanuela Wallersteina, ale jest praktycznie nieznana w bieżącej literaturze. Autor zamierza zbadać kategorie pojęciowe i wątki teoretyczne francuskiego historyka pod kątem ich zastosowania we współczesnej analizie stosunków międzynarodowych...
The aim of the following paper is to present ongoing changes in Svalbard’s economy and to emphasize influence of scientific research for specific economic structure of the archipelago. To start with, author briefly describes main periods in history of this area, though the main focus is on present situation, so downturn of coal mining along with growing presence of scientists, development of University...
Artykuł podejmuje temat złożoności fenomenu państwa oraz (nie)zmienności jego atrybutów. Zawarta w nim analiza z jednej strony wpisuje się neorealistyczny nurt badań nad stosunkami międzynarodowymi, z drugiej zaś czerpie z dorobku komunitarianizmu zakładającego, iż państwo, suwerenność, władza, a nawet anarchia w stosunkach międzynarodowych może efektywnie funkcjonować w globalnym społeczeństwie,...
Islandia, pomimo, iż jest w wymiarze geograficznym stosunkowo mały państwem, to w regionie Arktyki stara się prowadzić aktywną i ambitną politykę zagraniczną. Wiąże się z tym konieczność opracowania strategii która pozwoliłaby zrealizować żywotne interesy Islandii i jednocześnie zapewnić, by przewidywana eksploatacja różnorodnych zasobów Arktyki nie wpłynęła negatywnie na bezpieczeństwo państwa. Prezentowany...
Wpływ zmian klimatycznych Arktyki, z uwagi na szczególny charakter jej ekosystemów, jest tam bardziej odczuwalny niż w innych częściach świata. Pojawiające się możliwości eksploracji i eksploatacji Arktyki stanowią zagrożenie dla środowiska arktycznego. Jego ochrona obecnie oparta jest na zbyt wielu, często niespójnych umowach międzynarodowych, prawie wewnętrznym państw arktycznych oraz na zaleceniach...
US China policy has shown remarkable consistency throughout the past quarter century despite the ideological differences of US presidents. US presidents who subscribe to the liberal school of international relations have commonly sought to engage adversaries, to bring about positively change in the adversary. Realists are more likely to try to limit an adversary’s influence by containing its power...
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